Ice dams
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Ice dams are caused by a warm roof over the interior of a building |
An ice dam is a ridge of ice that forms at the lower edge of a roof and prevents water produced by melting snow from draining off the roof. The water that backs up behind the dam can leak into a building and cause damage to walls, ceilings, insulation and other areas. Ice dams may be hidden under the snow on sloped roofs with inadequate insulation.
Two circumstances combine to make an ice dam.
- First, snow melts on the part of the roof over the building interior (inside the perimeter of the outside walls) because heat and air that leak from the warm interior raise the roof temperature above the freezing temperature.
- Second, on the part of the roof covering the overhang (beyond the perimeter of the outside walls), the roof is cold and the runoff refreezes. The refrozen runoff forms a dam, further backing up melt water.
| Emergency Ice Dam Action
If ice dams are building up and no heaters are in place, building owners may want to take emergency action. Not recommended: Hammers, ice picks or even salt used at the edge of a roof to attack ice dams and icicles do more harm than good. Recommended: If snow is piling up to the point where the roof seems or sounds vulnerable to collapse, some snow can be removed but safety is the first concern. The object of snow removal from roofs is to reduce the snow load to safe levels, not to clean it off entirely. Regardless, there is danger of damage to the roof surface from using implements such as rakes or shovels. The University of Maine Cooperative Extension Service recommends snow removal first. In a real emergency with water actively flowing into the house, UMCES says make channels through the ice dam to allow the water behind the dam to drain off the roof. Hosing with tap water on a warm day will help. These channels are only temporary. Before considering any action, remember that it is hazardous to climb up to the roof on slippery ladders. Walking on an already stressed roof may cause local failures in the structure. Snow removal from a roof is a risky proposition. Use a licensed contractor in most cases. |
Backed up water can get under the shingles and through the roof deck. It can drip on the ceiling insulation or run down the underside of the deck to the connection between the roof and the walls. It then makes its way into the building in the form of damaging leaks.
Melt water under the unmelted snow can decrease the friction between the snow and the roof and cause a snow slide, like an avalanche. Melt water often refreezes as icicles hanging from the gutters or edge of the roof. These icicles eventually break off when they get too heavy. Both snow slides and falling icicles endanger passersby.
Ice Dams Are Caused by a Warm Roof Over Interior of Building
Energy efficient roofs minimize problems with ice dams because they keep the entire roof cold. There is little difference in temperature between the part of the roof inside the perimeter of the outside walls and the part covering the overhangs. Thus, melting and refreezing is minimized.
Insulating to prevent heat leaks and sealing against air leaks between the inside of the building and the attic are the best ways to achieve a cold roof. Increasing the level of insulation from R-11 to R-38 in a 1000 square foot attic should cost about $500. Accumulated dollar savings for heating and cooling, beyond the cost of the installed insulation, should be more than $1000 in the Washington DC area. Costs to repair damage from a leak caused by an ice dam could easily exceed $5000.
Ventilation of the attic may help to achieve a cold roof. Its primary purpose, though, is to prevent moisture from condensing in the attic on the underside of the roof and dripping down into the insulation. This moisture is in any warm air that leaks from the inside of the building. Sealing the air leaks is more effective than increasing the ventilation.
To stop dammed up water from leaking under the shingles use a waterproof membrane under the parts of the roof where ice dams occur and melt water backs up. The membrane is usually placed from the edge of the roof up beyond where the walls intersect the roof. This membrane is installed when old shingles are replaced.
If ice damming is a recurrent problem, heaters along the edge of the roof can be used to break up ice dams as they form. But these heaters use a lot of expensive electrical energy; they need to be used whenever it snows until air temperatures are about 45F.
Energy Efficient Roofs Are Less Like to Have Ice Dams
A well-designed, energy efficient roof should tolerate the loads of once every 50 year events like the recent snowstorms in the northeastern U.S. Nature eventually melts snow from roofs more cheaply and safely than artificial means.
Best to let nature take its course and observe deficiencies in a particular roof, such as lack of insulation and unwanted air leakage paths from the interior space to the roof, so corrections can be made before the next emergency.
Except where noted, this information was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, through its Buildings Technology Center at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee. The information presented here was prepared by the Buildings Technology Center and has focused on ice dams, how to eliminate their cause, and what to do and not do about ones that appear as a result of the blizzard of '96 and future snowstorms. This information is summarized from the Attic Handbook and from results of research at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory as well as in the Division of Building Research of the National Research Council of Canada.
